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Today's Featured Article Caesar cipher with a left shift of 3 A Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or the Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques in cryptography. Named after Julius Caesar, who is said to have used it, it is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, and so on (pictured). Caesar is believed to have used one in his private correspondence, and a similar one was used by his nephew, Augustus. The encryption step performed by a Caesar cipher is often incorporated as part of more complex schemes, such as the Vigenère cipher, and still has modern application in the ROT13system. As with all single-alphabet substitution ciphers, the Caesar cipher is easily broken and in modern practice offers essentially no communications security. (Full article...) Recently featured: Simon Cameron Tom Hall . Scott Zolak . Theodosius III . Edmund Ætheling . Jefferson Davis . Ovalipes catharus. SMS Pommern

Wiki News Fatafehi Fakafānua Lates updates: Fatafehi Fakafānua (pictured) is elected prime minister by the legislative assembly of Tonga. Filmmaker and actor Rob Reiner (pictured) and his wife are stabbed to death in Los Angeles. Sixteen people, including a gunman, are killed in a mass shooting attack on a Hanukkah celebration at Bondi Beach in Sydney. Bulgarian prime minister Rosen Zhelyazkov (pictured) and his government resign after days of protests. Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 wins Game of the Year at the Game Awards (producer and host Geoff Keighley pictured). In Australia, a ban on the use of certain social media platforms by under-16s comes into effect. In motorsport, Lando Norris (pictured) wins the Formula One World Drivers' Championship. In Benin, a coup attempt by members of the armed forces is thwarted. Architect and designer Frank Gehry dies at the age of 96. In Saint Lucia, the Labour Party, led by Prime Minister Philip J. Pierre (pictured), retains its majority in the House of Assembly.

Today's Featured Picture Leopard seal Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era. His early period, during which he forged his craft, is typically considered to have lasted until 1802. From 1802 to around 1812, his middle period showed an individual development from the styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and is sometimes characterised as heroic. During this time, Beethoven began to grow increasingly deaf. In his late period, from 1812 to 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression. This oil-on-canvas portrait, titled Beethoven with the Manuscript of the Missa Solemnis, was painted by Joseph Karl Stieler in 1820, and depicts Beethoven while composing his Missa solemnis, which was first performed in 1824. The painting hangs in the Beethoven House at his birthplace in Bonn, Germany. Painting credit: Joseph Karl Stieler Recently featured: Leopard Seal . Glassblowing • Hugh McCulloch • Siege of Baghdad Golden-shouldered parrot • Pedro II of Brazil

🌍 Top 100 Global Events of 2025 I. Global Politics & Governance G20 Summit held in Johannesburg, marking the first G20 conference on African soil. NATO Summit convened in The Hague, discussing defence modernization and cybersecurity. BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, focused on financial reform and South–South cooperation. United Nations Ocean Conference in Nice announced new marine-protected areas. UN Security Council emergency meetings were held regarding ongoing global conflicts. New regional security pacts emerged in the Indo-Pacific. EU leaders adopted new digital-regulation frameworks, focusing on AI and data sovereignty. African Union launched industrialization programs aimed at youth employment. ASEAN strengthened maritime cooperation amid rising regional tensions. Arab League meetings highlighted energy diplomacy and regional security. Latin American countries launched climate-migration negotiations. Several nations experienced major elections leading to significant political transitions. Global South coalitions expanded representation proposals in global institutions. International Court of Justice heard new cross-border disputes. UN General Assembly sessions emphasized climate, peace, and AI ethics. New bilateral trade agreements reshaped global economic alignments. Europe implemented new migration-control measures. South Asian nations established disaster-response coalitions. Pacific Island states presented joint appeals on rising sea levels. Middle-East diplomatic engagement increased, focusing on stability and economic diversification. II. Conflicts, Security & Humanitarian Crises Major armed conflicts continued in several regions, causing humanitarian emergencies. Ceasefire negotiations occurred intermittently but produced limited long-term results. Global defence spending reached new highs, driven by geopolitical tensions. Cyberattacks targeted critical infrastructure across multiple continents. Countries adopted advanced cybersecurity laws targeting ransomware and espionage. Space-security doctrines were updated to protect satellites. Transnational terrorism threats remained active, prompting global security cooperation. Humanitarian displacement reached a historical peak due to conflict and climate. International Red Cross expanded relief operations in crisis zones. Global famine warnings were issued for multiple drought-stricken regions. UN peacekeeping missions expanded activities in conflict areas. Arms-control discussions resumed in several strategic regions. Naval incidents increased in contested maritime zones. New defence alliances formed among mid-sized nations. Non-state armed groups gained influence in unstable regions. Human trafficking and refugee smuggling reports increased. Mine-clearing operations expanded in post-conflict territories. Global epidemic emergencies in conflict zones triggered international health responses. Cities experienced unrest due to economic hardship and political tensions. International tribunals investigated war-related crimes. III. Global Economy, Trade & Markets Global growth patterns varied, with some regions achieving stable recovery. Inflation continued to challenge many economies, prompting interest-rate measures. Central banks revised monetary policies to stabilize markets. Supply-chain restructuring accelerated toward regional manufacturing hubs. New trade corridors opened in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. International corporations invested heavily in AI and automation. Commodity markets fluctuated due to geopolitical uncertainty. Renewable-energy investment surpassed fossil-fuel investment for the first time. Green hydrogen projects expanded across Europe, Asia, and the Gulf. Oil-producing countries accelerated economic diversification plans. Global stock markets experienced mixed performance influenced by policy changes. Developing countries received new debt-relief packages. Tourism rebounded sharply, boosting global services sectors. Artificial intelligence reshaped employment markets, increasing demand for digital skills. E-commerce continued rapid expansion, especially in emerging economies. Global semiconductor shortages began to ease with new production facilities. Agri-tech innovations helped stabilize food supply chains. Financial institutions warned of new recession risks in vulnerable regions. Crypto-regulation frameworks expanded globally. Sovereign wealth funds increased investments in climate-resilient infrastructure. IV. Environment & Climate Severe heatwaves affected multiple continents during summer. Record-high ocean temperatures intensified coral bleaching. Flooding in South America and Asia triggered major relief efforts. Wildfires spread across Mediterranean and North American regions. Drought emergencies were declared in several countries. International climate bodies updated temperature-risk projections. New national adaptation strategies were implemented worldwide. Large-scale reforestation programs were launched in Latin America. Global biodiversity assessments showed accelerating species loss. Global plastic-reduction treaties gained signatures from new nations. Deep-sea mining debates intensified at UN environmental forums. Renewable-energy megaprojects began operations in multiple countries. Electric vehicle adoption increased, supported by government incentives. Coastal relocation programs were announced for climate-threatened communities. Arctic ice reports showed rapid decline, raising global concerns. Marine noise-reduction pacts were announced at global ocean summits. Indigenous-led conservation projects gained global recognition. Green cities and carbon-neutral urban projects expanded worldwide. Environmental activism movements mobilized large public participation. Climate-finance commitments increased from international banks and institutions. V. Science, Technology & Digital Governance AI governance became a major global policy priority across governments. Several countries introduced national AI safety laws. Technological breakthroughs occurred in quantum computing. Biotech innovations improved gene therapy and precision medicine. Space agencies launched new lunar missions and deep-space probes. Commercial spaceflight expanded, with private companies debuting reusable rockets. Satellite networks expanded internet access to remote regions. Global data-protection regulations strengthened, especially for minors. Metaverse-based platforms advanced, integrating virtual economies. 5G and early 6G testing expanded, supporting industrial automation. Medical AI tools improved diagnostics for major diseases. Global cybersecurity alliances were formed to counter digital threats. Tech companies committed to ethical AI development. Telemedicine grew rapidly, especially in developing regions. Education systems adopted AI-based personalized learning on a large scale. VI. Culture, Society & Sports International film festivals experienced record global participation. World music and entertainment industries expanded global reach, especially in Asian and African markets. Major sports tournaments and global event bids shaped the future of international competitions. Cultural diplomacy initiatives increased, promoting heritage and creative industries. Global migration trends reshaped cultural demographics, increasing multicultural integration in major cities.

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