<h3 style="padding:3px 7px; margin:8px 0; background-color:#CEF2E0;"><small>Today's Featured Article</small></h3>[[File:Caesar cipher left shift of 3.svg.png|alt=style=max-width:40%; margin-right:10px;|left|thumb|200x200px|<small>Caesar cipher with a left shift of 3</small>]]<small>A '''Caesar cipher''', also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or the Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques in cryptography. Named after Julius Caesar, who is said to have used it, it is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, and so on ''(pictured)''. Caesar is believed to have used one in his private correspondence, and a similar one was used by his nephew, Augustus. The encryption step performed by a Caesar cipher is often incorporated as part of more complex schemes, such as the Vigenère cipher, and still has modern application in the ROT13system. As with all single-alphabet substitution ciphers, the Caesar cipher is easily broken and in modern practice offers essentially no communications security. ''('''Full article...''')''</small>
<h3 style="padding:3px 7px; margin:8px 0; background-color:#CEF2E0;"><small>Today's Featured Article</small></h3>[[File:Caesar cipher left shift of 3.svg.png|alt=style=max-width:40%; margin-right:10px;|left|thumb|200x200px|<small>Caesar cipher with a left shift of 3</small>]]<small>A '''[[Caesar cipher]]''', also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or the Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques in cryptography. Named after Julius Caesar, who is said to have used it, it is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, and so on ''(pictured)''. Caesar is believed to have used one in his private correspondence, and a similar one was used by his nephew, Augustus. The encryption step performed by a Caesar cipher is often incorporated as part of more complex schemes, such as the Vigenère cipher, and still has modern application in the ROT13system. As with all single-alphabet substitution ciphers, the Caesar cipher is easily broken and in modern practice offers essentially no communications security. ''('''[[Caesar cipher|Full article...]]''')''</small>
<h3 style="padding:3px 7px; margin:8px 0; background-color:#CEDFF2;">Today's Featured Picture</h3>[[File:Joseph Karl Stieler's Beethoven mit dem Manuskript der Missa solemnis.jpg|alt=style=max-width:40%; margin-right:10px;|border|left|frameless|436x436px|'''Leopard seal''']]'''[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]''' (baptised 17 December 1770 â 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire and span the transition from the Classical period to the Romantic era. His early period, during which he forged his craft, is typically considered to have lasted until 1802. From 1802 to around 1812, his middle period showed an individual development from the styles of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and is sometimes characterised as heroic. During this time, Beethoven began to grow increasingly deaf. In his late period, from 1812 to 1827, he extended his innovations in musical form and expression. This oil-on-canvas portrait, titled ''Beethoven with the Manuscript of the Missa Solemnis'', was painted by Joseph Karl Stieler in 1820, and depicts Beethoven while composing his Missa solemnis, which was first performed in 1824. The painting hangs in the Beethoven House at his birthplace in Bonn, Germany.
<h3 style="padding:3px 7px; margin:8px 0; background-color:#CEDFF2;">Today's Featured Picture</h3>[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|alt=style=max-width:40%; margin-right:10px;|border|left|frameless|450x450px|'''Leopard seal''']]The '''[[blackberry]]''' is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus ''Rubus'' in the family Rosaceae. Blackberries are typically produced from hybrid plants among the species within the subgenus ''Rubus'', or hybrids between the subgenera ''Rubus'' and ''Idaeobatus''. Similar to the raspberry, it is not a berry in the botanical sense, being classified as an aggregate fruitcomposed of small drupelets. Blackberries are perennial plants bearing biennial stems from their roots. Unmanaged plants tend to aggregate in a dense tangle of stems and branches, which can be controlled in gardens or farms using trellises. Blackberry shrubs can tolerate poor soils, spreading readily in wasteland, ditches, and roadsides. Blackberries grow wild throughout most of Europe. They are an important element in the ecology of many countries, and harvesting the berries is a common pastime. In some parts of the world, however, there are blackberry species that are considered to be an invasive species. The fruit is also grown commercially, with Mexico being the leading producer, exporting for sale in off-season fresh markets in North America and Europe. This photograph, which was focus-stacked from 23 separate images, depicts a blackberry of the species ''Rubus fruticosus''.
<small>Painting credit: Joseph Karl Stieler</small>
<small>Photograph credit: Ivar Leidus</small>
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<b>Recently featured:</b> ''<small>[[Ludwig van Beethoven]] . [[Leopard seal|Leopard Seal]] . [[Glassblowing]] â˘Â [[Hugh McCulloch]] ⢠[[Siege of Baghdad]] [[Golden-shouldered parrot]] ⢠[[wikipedia:Template:POTD/2025-12-02|Pedro II of Brazil]]</small>''
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Latest revision as of 12:39, 18 December 2025
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Today's Featured Article
Caesar cipher with a left shift of 3A Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code, or the Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques in cryptography. Named after Julius Caesar, who is said to have used it, it is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, and so on (pictured). Caesar is believed to have used one in his private correspondence, and a similar one was used by his nephew, Augustus. The encryption step performed by a Caesar cipher is often incorporated as part of more complex schemes, such as the Vigenère cipher, and still has modern application in the ROT13system. As with all single-alphabet substitution ciphers, the Caesar cipher is easily broken and in modern practice offers essentially no communications security. (Full article...)
Leopard sealThe blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae. Blackberries are typically produced from hybrid plants among the species within the subgenus Rubus, or hybrids between the subgenera Rubus and Idaeobatus. Similar to the raspberry, it is not a berry in the botanical sense, being classified as an aggregate fruitcomposed of small drupelets. Blackberries are perennial plants bearing biennial stems from their roots. Unmanaged plants tend to aggregate in a dense tangle of stems and branches, which can be controlled in gardens or farms using trellises. Blackberry shrubs can tolerate poor soils, spreading readily in wasteland, ditches, and roadsides. Blackberries grow wild throughout most of Europe. They are an important element in the ecology of many countries, and harvesting the berries is a common pastime. In some parts of the world, however, there are blackberry species that are considered to be an invasive species. The fruit is also grown commercially, with Mexico being the leading producer, exporting for sale in off-season fresh markets in North America and Europe. This photograph, which was focus-stacked from 23 separate images, depicts a blackberry of the species Rubus fruticosus.
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